Being read to Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Being perused to - Essay Example Alberto Manguel in his Chapter â€Å"Being Read To† as contained in his book â€Å"A History of Reading† returns to the normal and regularly conflicting subject of perusing for the benefit of somebody. He cautiously investigates this issue logically giving the perusers a verifiable system on the birthplace of the subject, very in accordance with his title â€Å"A History of Reading† maybe as a methods for legitimizing his viewpoint and unadulterated love of composing and perusing. Most importantly, I concur with Page’s contentions that Manguel’s composing handles every one of its sections utilizing an unattached methodology that cautiously chooses on subjects in the â€Å" A History of Reading† consequently welcoming on another way to deal with how perusing approaches have customarily been shown extra time, and people groups way to deal with perusing both in private and open circle, and what has been famously alluded to as perusing as a representation, offering a connection what is expectedly being heard to that data which is perused time as has been uncovered in his disputable part â€Å"Being Read To† (Page). Alberto Manguel’s â€Å"History of the Reading† is a fascinating authentic composing that consolidates a rich assortment of educated information and delight instead of negligible perusing. This enlightening perusing adopts on an unexpected strategy in comparison to book association, receiving what I may call a digressive course which doesn't have an ordinary starting to continue coherently as some would expect of a ‘historical’ composing (Manguel; Bell). As indicated by Manguel, he adopts on the strategy that there is no widespread administering law working in this circumstance, however there is by all accounts an exceptional idea that rehashes itself in an assortment of structures. To this far, this composition as cutting edge by Manguel calls for what can be emphatically alluded to as benefit of the peruser. The reader’s musings can along these lines contribute in changing the book into increasingly like a message that bodes well for his

Micro and macro environments of Pick n Pay free essay sample

The miniaturized scale condition is the littlest of the three situations. This is the condition that is affected by the market and the full scale situations. Pick n Pay can control their convictions and dreams so that clients become used to the manner in which they work. A portion of their qualities include: genuineness, uprightness, the right to speak freely of discourse, the best arrangements for their clients, a great help for their clients, staff benefits and a possibility for staff individuals to be advanced, prize and development and assuming individual liability. Pick n Pay consistently guarantees their clients new vegetables and foods grown from the ground make a special effort to ensure that this happens, if a specific sort of organic product or vegetable can't be found in that season they will take note of the clients of this issue and apologize for the burden. Pick n Pay is an organization that thinks about its kin, we trust seeing someone; you don’t come here searching for a vocation, yet for a profession. We will compose a custom article test on Smaller scale and large scale conditions of Pick n Pay or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (Pick n Pay official site, 19 March 2014). This shoes the amount of a privately-run company Pick n Pay is, it does this to make a â€Å"home† feeling where you can appreciate shopping. Pick n Pay’s objective is to ensure that individuals can care for themselves and battle for themselves simultaneously as paying special mind to other people and ensuring that the network and the individuals around them are also off as themselves. Pick n Pay wishes to upgrade and build up their abilities for the future and to keep making the lives of others better. Market condition: The market condition encompasses the miniaturized scale condition. There are numerous establishments of the organization around South Africa and growing northwards to other African nations. Pick n Pay has an internet shopping office to overcome an issue between the clients and the genuine store itself. By utilizing internet shopping, clients who can't get to the shop would now be able to buy things at the tip of their fingers, older individuals can search for themselves and pick what they would lean toward as opposed to getting an assistant to do their basic food item and garments shopping and returning home with things they don’t appreciate. Pick n Pay utilizes a term called â€Å"the four legs to the retail table† in making their business effective. These four legs comprise of ‘administration,’ ‘merchandise,’ ‘advertising and social responsibility’ and the ‘people’. With these four ‘legs’ the organization can run without a great deal of entanglements. By promoting the organization gets individuals to originate from all over to look at their items, Pick n Pay has many publicizing thoughts, for example, making a touch of diversion with the clients to set them feeling great, for instance: (Pick n Pay promoting pictures, 2014) These publicizing thoughts are smart, neighborly and one of a kind and it draws a customer’s consideration. Pick n Pay needs to have the option to manufacture an agreeable and understanding relationship with their clients, Pick n Pay supplies a money back technique to pull in clients by utilizing their Smartshopper cards, this encourages the workers to get a vibe of people groups shopping propensities and to assist them with seeing when and where an advancement or deal is going on an item they generally use. By making a decent connection with the clients, Pick n Pay is doing admirably with their market condition. Pick n Pay is extending across Africa and latest, their organization will open in Auas Valley Center and will possess a huge distribution center, just as this there will be all the more stopping accessible. Full scale condition confronting Pick n Pay in 2014: There is a colossally diminishing measure of sea fish available which is undermining the ocean depths office in Pick n Pay. The WWF’s reaction to the extending emergency was to search out key retailer accomplices with whom to deliberately work through the chain of authority, toward one side illuminating shoppers about the danger to our marine biological systems to impact request, while at the other drawing in with the angling business around mindful gathering (Pick n Pay official site, 2014). We as a network can assist this ocean bottom emergency by supporting positive choices made while with respect to the protection of fisheries. In the event that we as individuals keep on eating unlawful got fish and fish we won't have the option to keep eating the nourishments we so appreciate. Climate is another factor that impacts the Pick n Pay Company, for state there is anything but a significant measure of downpour, or the atmosphere isn't warm enough for specific plants to develop in 2014, a few vegetables and organic products may not be accessible and this could truly harm the objectives and notoriety of Pick n Pay.

Top 10 Grammar and Spelling Errors from 2010!

Top 10 Grammar and Spelling Errors from 2010! In the past year as The Essay Expert, I’ve seen a lot of grammar and spelling errors. Here are some of the most common. Lets toast to learning something new in 2011! 10.   Lose vs. Loose. You lose your keys or your mind. Your belt might be loose, or you might let loose on the weekends. Click here for more: Common Spelling Mistakes:   Lose vs. Loose 9.   Lead vs. Led. A common resume mistake is to write “Lead” as a past tense verb. “Led” is the past tense of “lead.” If your position was in the past, start your bullet with “Led” (a great past tense power verb!) 8. Who vs. that. People are “who”; things are “that.” Don’t say, “I know a guy that can fix your car.” Say, “I know a guy who can fix your car.” 7.   I vs. Me. Don’t say “My dad really loves my sister and I.” You wouldn’t say “My dad loves I”; you would say “My dad loves me.” So why would you change “me” to “I” just because he loves your sister too? The correct sentence would be “My dad really loves my sister and me.” For more examples, see Common Grammatical Errors:   Between You and Me. 6.   Then vs. Than. “Then” relates to time. When? Then (it rhymes)! “I got up, then made my coffee.” “Than” is a comparison word. “This paper is longer than it’s supposed to be.” 5.   Affect vs. Effect. “Affect” is most often used as a verb:   “How did his words affect you?” “Effect” is most often used as a noun: “What effect did his words have on you?” There are limited exceptions to each of these generalities. “Affect” can mean someone’s countenance or attitude: “His pompous affect repelled us.” And “effect” can be a verb if used to mean “implement”: “His goal was to effect change in the legal system.” If you go with “affect = verb, effect = noun,” you’ll be right 99% of the time. 4. Periods and commas placed outside quotation marks. In the U.S., commas and periods always go INSIDE the quotation marks. In many other countries, they only go inside when they are part of the quotation. I even see people putting periods and commas outside the quotation marks when they are part of the quotation! That last one I don’t understand. Here’s my article on the topic, The Quandary of Quotation Marks. 3.   Comma splices. An example of a comma splice is “Last year I got great grades, I even won an award.” In this sentence, you need to replace the comma with a period or semicolon to correct it, or add an “and” after the comma. For my article on this aspect of using commas and semicolons, click here:   How to Use Commas and Semicolons. 2.   Apostrophes used to make plurals. The plural of brother is brothers. The plural of Smith is Smiths. When making a plural out of a noun or proper noun, there is no need for an apostrophe! Brother’s is the possessive of brother, e.g. “I covet my brother’s car.” Smith’s is the possessive of Smith, e.g., “Mr. Smith’s house is painted purple.” I talk about this issue a bit more in Why It’s Important to Write Right in the Legal Profession. 1. Its vs. It’s.   This one is the hands-down winner! Today I even saw, on a blog, “Would apple sell its’ products for $10?” The rule: It’s means it is and the apostrophe creates a contraction, just as in can’t or don’t. Its is the possessive of it and does NOT take an apostrophe. And its is not a word. It’s simple! My article on this topic is located here: Common Spelling and Grammar Errors: It’s vs. Its My great hope is that this list will be different for 2011. Can you help make it happen?

French Agreement With Compound Verbs

The Secrets of Police Militarization Essay Samples Exposed

The Secrets of Police Militarization Essay Samples Exposed What Is So Fascinating About Police Militarization Essay Samples? His key viewers may be the American public basically with a huge focus on millenials. The parents might not be in a position to supply the financial and emotional support to the kid. However, this doesn't isolate students by forcing them to work with only these people who observe their precise discipline. School students ought to have complete freedom to choose their own courses. As a consequence, it's difficult to resist towards such massive business and come out successful. All the samples are offered for download. I'm sharing my evaluation since it's so valuable to observe a sample of what things to look for. Through using contracts, this is accomplished by utilizing the lowest bidder. The Good, the Bad and Police Militarization Essay Samples Moreover, odds are you are going to get any one of these papers and submit them as your personal. You w ould like to show the way your argument is important by means of the larger picture. There aren't any cons whatsoever in regards to these safe uniforms for the police. If you feel someone is a danger to you, you haven't any duty to tell the truth with them, you have the duty to shield yourself, and your family members. Nor are there rules about what sorts of equipment the police needs to be permitted to acquire in the very first spot. This uniform particularly with the very long jacket could be problematic when on the job. It's like trying to work out what's happening at the opposite end of a huge room that's been filled with smoke and mirrors. Practicing the elements of high-quality essay writing is helpful regardless of what topic you concentrate on. Students may excessively utilize slang phrases, abbreviations and perhaps even offensive language. By taking your time to perform random on-line analysis, you will come throughout a fantastic deal of resources online offering you among the best hacks and secrets to develop the best papers or response to literature essay example. There are several different web sites which may provide you a totally free essay. however, it's possible you'll see that their essays for free are of compromised quality. The following examples demonstrate a few of the qualities of a well-written essay. Body paragraphs should construct upon one another and current new ideas in every single paragraph instead of circling across the exact idea. Coming up with a great matter to your essay contains an assortment of brainstorming and analysis. Take advantage of these sentences to sketch the principal points which you describe in higher element within the body of your essay. As a result of this simple fact, it's essential to learn how it is possible to make whole use of an essay sample. Some students find lots of difficulty writing the essay, even if they have the ability to locate strong points. Below our GED sample essay is a brief analysis justifying its ideal score. Below it is a brief analysis justifying its perfect score. Mastering essay writing takes lots of practice and reading. If you purchase an essay online, it can be difficult to understand what you are likely to get. If you're searching for an online site that may give you free essays written by certified and knowledgeable writers, then you definitely shouldn't need to look anywhere else. Writing templates are rather helpful for essays with topics that can be unfamiliar to the author. Life After Police Militarization Essay Samples At the core of community policing is the thought that police departments should work in close consultation and cooperation with the general public. To be certain, it's not essential for militarized forces to really fight the civilian population, like militaries fight. Whenever you have heavily armed police officers employing flash-bang grenades and armored personnel carriers, innocent folks are certain to be hurt. At precisely the same time, the US citizens appear to get fed up.

Pablo picasso and marcel duchamp Free Essays

Pablo Picasso Marcel Decamp Pablo Picasso is one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. He was born in Spain but worked mainly in France, where he became the most well-known artist of his time. Picasso massive output of paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints and ceramics was inspired by many different sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo picasso and marcel duchamp or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the early sass, Picasso developed a movement that signified him, it was known as â€Å"cubism†. This movement marked the beginning of modernism. Marcel Decamp has been known for his rebellious ideas and actions in the 20th century. He was born in France but moved to the USA, and became a US citizen in 1955. His works were known as â€Å"Ready-made†. Duchess’s ready-made changed what art meant. He bought elements that would never have been regarded as art. Some people saw it as less art and more â€Å"putting together†. This movement was called â€Å"Dadaism†. This essay will discuss two artworks; â€Å"The Weeping Woman† – by Pablo Picasso, and, â€Å"The Shovel† – by Marcel Decamp. â€Å"The Weeping Woman† is a famous work by Pablo Picasso and holds a lot of meaning. Picasso painted this work in 1937 after a town of Querying was bombed. The artwork holds a lot of symbolic meaning and was inspired by the events of that point in time – the Spanish Civil War. The artwork focuses on the main victims of the attack – the women. The artwork is full of emotions and grief which is expressed through the use of thick lines and different colors. The work is basically the face of a crying woman. The woman was said to be Dora Mar, whom Picasso described as â€Å"always weeping†. She was his close agent when he was most involved with politics. The focus of the structure is the rough area of hard blue and white forms around the out and teeth, clamped violently on a handkerchief; the flesh seems to have been peeled away by acidic tears to reveal hard white bone and the handkerchief she stuffs in her mouth is like a shard of glass. Her eyes are expressed as black holes. As the eye travels up the artwork, we can see that the eyes and forehead are also broken and disordered, and the woman appears literally ‘broken up’ with grief. The roughness of the forms is backed-up by the roughness of the colors. The face, neck and hand are painted in an acid, inconsistent yellow and violet and green. These colors may represent decay and decomposition. The yellow and violet however, are opposite colors, as are the blue and orange-red of the woman’s hat. Furthermore, the background is painted in strong yellows, contrasting with the blues of the hat and the blues and violets of the hair. The inconsistent color scheme intensifies the impact of the painting. The Weeping Woman is a study of how much pain can be communicated by a human face. The artwork translates the human emotions by paint. Picasso intention was for the viewers to feel the pain when viewing the painting. Marcel Duchess’s artwork, the shovel, is very different compared to Picasso work. At first sight, it could easily be misinterpreted into being an everyday object kept in almost all homes. A person would not know it as art and would be confused to see it in an art gallery or museum. â€Å"Shovel† was the first Redeemed to be made by Decamp in 1915, after his move to the United States. The Shovel may seem important and artistic to Marcel because no such object existed in France (from where he came). This shows that the shovel was nothing extraordinary to the citizens of the US, who would later be the viewers of the artwork, but something unfamiliar to he artist, therefore, an element of art in his sense. The original shovel was bought from a corner store from where Marcel lived. However, after his move, it was thrown away by his sister. Marcel replicated it and along its lower rim, he wrote the phrase: â€Å"In Advance of the Broken Arm/ (from) Marcel Decamp 1915†. It is stated that the â€Å"from† in the phrase conveys that the object came from the artist, but was not made by him. According to the artist, the phrase written on the shovel is the main color to the artwork. It’s a play on words. The phrase refers playfully to the function f a snow shovel which is to remove snow from the ground. Duchess’s title shows that without the shovel to remove the snow, one might slip and fall and even break an arm. Marcel Duchess’s artworks show that there is no difference between an artwork and an everyday object. The shovel could easily be mistaken for a simple shovel if it were not suspended from the ceiling in a museum. Therefore, the location and position of the artwork stands as a critical part of the piece. Pablo Picasso Weeping Woman can be looked at under the subjective frame as it is basically all bout human emotions and feelings. The main subject of the artwork is the broken face of the woman. By looking at the artwork, one can feel the pain and sorrow that the subject would have been going through. The work can also be placed under the structural frame as the face is made up of geometric shapes and the colors and their tones play a vital role in conveying the message. The cultural frame can also be a part of the work as it is stated that the Mater Dolorous, the weeping Virgin, is a traditional image in Spanish art, often represented in colorful, elaborate sculptures tit glass tears, Just like in the Weeping Woman. As for the Shovel by Marcel Decamp, it can be categorized under the cultural frame as many scholars have seen sexual suggestions in this Redeemed. Some note that the Shovel â€Å"is an obvious phallic symbol† Another once mentioned that the Sanskrit word for shovel is â€Å"langue,† which is almost equal to the term for phallus (â€Å"langue†). In Status-Asiatic languages the same word meaner both â€Å"phallus† and â€Å"shovel. In conclusion, by examining both artists and their artworks, we can see that they are form the same mime period, but hold two opposite views to art. The two artists’ distinct differences represent a central logical and visual opening in the history and development of modern art. While Picasso viewed modern art as a visual experiment, Decamp came to believe that art was about ideas and attitudes. Picasso artwork was a traditional artwork of that time whereas Marcella was more about shifting the views engagement of the works of art from pleasing to the eye to the service of the mind, challenging the traditional notion that beauty is a defining characteristic of art. According to Marcel, wings become art by putting them in places where one expects to find art. Where Picasso expresses his feelings through colors and lines, Marcel expresses it through words and phrases. Where Picasso makes his artwork, Marcel â€Å"buys† them and plays around with them. Picasso works are made on a canvas and the painting is the crucial part however, with Marcella artwork, only the placement and position of the artwork is crucial and defines it as a work of art. The Shovel is hung from a ceiling in a museum where The Weeping Woman is simply hung on the wall. In the end, both are known as artworks today and are admired. How to cite Pablo picasso and marcel duchamp, Papers

Well -Meaning Villain or Tragic Hero Essay Example

Well -Meaning Villain or Tragic Hero Essay In the novel The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy, the main character Michael Henchard earns the contempt of many readers due to his strict, arrogant and sometimes cruel and callous nature. But is it right to hold this against him? Does he really deserve all he got? Or should we perhaps feel some sympathy towards him? After all, the disastrous incidents he endures in this book are surely not worthy of anyone, simply due to the fact they may have a negative attitude at times?In some ways, Henchard could be thought of as a well-meaning villain, one who has no principal morals but no particular desire to be heartless or hurtful either. There are some incidents in the story that would suggest a villainous side to Henchard, especially at the beginning and in the closing stages of the book, where his alcoholism gets the better of him and he becomes hotheaded and violent. Instances such as the sale of his wife Susan and baby daughter Elizabeth-Jane to Richard Newson, a complete strange r, at Weydon-Priors Fair, and his drink-inspired fight with Donald Farfrae who was once his friend in the granary convey this idea.However, Henchard also has many negative features that are simply part of his personality, which he finds difficult to curb even when he is sober. He is naturally quick to form opinions and agree or object to things, leading to some rash decisions such as the hiring then firing of Farfrae, and the prevention of his courtship with Elizabeth-Jane. A little more thought, consideration and tolerance on Henchards part could have led to a flourishing relationship with the Scotsman, as both a co-worker and a friend.Other faults in Henchards temperament include his egotism, a touch of vindictiveness, jealousy, and low self-esteem at times. His arrogance, along with his bad temper, is displayed at times; Abel Whittle, for example, who is consistently late for work is made to go to work wearing nothing but his underwear. Force is used against Lucetta Templeman, Henchards former fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e to try to make her marry him, and Elizabeth-Jane is scolded for using what he deems to be inappropriate language: I wont have you talk like that! One would think you worked upon a farm! Im burned, if it goes on, this house cant hold us two.Henchard can be spiteful his vindictiveness is shown after Farfraes marriage to Lucetta, when he reads the former letters the latter wrote him while he was courting her. He displays jealousy towards Farfrae at times when he seems to be overruling him; taking away his daughter and his girlfriend and attempting to make decisions against his own, like the afore mentioned time when Whittle is late one time too many:(Henchard) Hullo, hullo! Whos sending him (Whittle) back?(Farfrae) I am. I say this joke has been carried far enough.And I say it hasnt! Get up in the wagon, Whittle.Not if I am manager. He either goes home, or I march out of this yard for good.Having suffering other similar instances also, Henchard cons equently dismisses Farfrae, leading to the set-up of Farfraes own business.Henchards low self-esteem is displayed from time to time; when he feels particularly miserable, everyone from Elizabeth-Jane to Abel Whittle is told how worthless he is: What, Whittle, and can ye really be such a poor fond fool as to care for such a wretch as I! His will, too, clearly shows his negative state of mind, requesting in it only to be remembered by nobody.There are a small number of instances in which Henchard is dishonest, the most significant of these being his inconsiderate blatant lie to Richard Newson when, against all odds, he returns to claim his daughter:My Elizabeth-Jane. Where is she?Dead likewise. Surely you heard that as well?I find this unpardonably selfish and harsh on Newson and is, in my opinion, one of Henchards greatest sins.Many readers would argue that the above points prove any ill-fated occurrences happening to Henchard are self-inflicted, and he subsequently deserves all he r eceives.However, others might feel sympathetic enough towards Henchard to look past these unfortunate traits and try to understand what has provoked him to act in such ways. He has many good characteristics also, and a status of Tragic Hero could perhaps be appointed to him a man with high principles who tries his hardest but has an unfortunate flaw which may undo all his hard work.Henchard is predominantly an honest man, who usually tells the truth and is brave enough to be able to admit his mistakes. When sitting in court, for example, during the trial of the furmity woman who was present at his sale of Susan, he could easily have heard her accusations about his past and denied them all- after all, no one else in Casterbridge could have known anything about his youth. But he told the witnesses: Tis true. Tis as true as the light, showing his courage and dignity. Towards the end of the book, when Elizabeth-Janes real father has returned once and for all, Henchard promises her that she will never be bothered by him again: Ill never trouble ee again, Elizabeth-Jane no, not to my dying day! He sticks to this promise it is proven in his will, in which the first line states: That Elizabeth-Jane Farfrae be not told of my death, and be made to grieve on account of me.More often than not, Henchard will regret his actions, and will be determined enough to go to great lengths to repair damage done. Even at the start of the book, where he is in no great position of honour, the morning after the sale of his wife he realises what he has done and goes straight about trying to find her and swearing an oath, by the Bible, to stop drinking in the immediate future: I, Michael Henchard. do take an oath before Godthat I will avoid all strong liquors for the space of twenty-one years to comeWe are not told what exactly Henchard goes through in the 19-year gap in the story the time between his selling of his family and their return after Newsons supposed death but it would seem that although he has been unsuccessful in his quest to find his wife he has managed to keep to his vow: They dont fill Mr Henchards wine glasses. he sware a gospel oath in bygone times and has bode by it ever since. Of course, it is not possible for Susan to have heard about this in her absence, but on her return when she sees what he has become she is obviously more than impressed, even in awe of Henchard: I dont think I can meet Mr Henchard. He is not what I thought he would be he overpowers me!Presumably, Henchard will have worked extremely hard to have turned his life around from about the lowest possible position he could be in to the highest likewise. Even when Farfrae takes over his status of Mayor, Henchard takes on the position offered to him of hay-trusser: Having nothing to do made him (Henchard) more dreary than any other circumstance; and one day, with better views of Farfrae than he had held for some time, and a sense that honest work was nothing to be ashamed of , he stoically went down to Farfraes yard and asked to be taken on as a journeyman hay-trusser. This proves that he is a hard-worker, and can swallow his pride.And even though he fails in his quest to find Susan and Elizabeth-Jane, he still takes them in 19 years later, providing them with a cottage before re-marrying Susan, (giving up his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e to do so) an act of a noble man of generosity and honour. Another example of his generosity is during the winter, when he provides poor Abel Whittles mother with food and a warm place to stay.These good points might cancel out the bad ones, but in order to install the Tragic Hero status Henchards negative aspects must be looked at and accounted for. Of course the sale of members of your own family is an unforgivable sin but the circumstances must be taken into consideration. Henchard was drunk, extremely drunk, so arguably it was the alcohol talking and not he. Possibly, the incident was even beneficial to everyone concerned S usan and Elizabeth-Jane were able to start new, perhaps improved lives with Newson; Henchard was left to start afresh also. If this tragic event had not occurred, Henchard may never have seen the error of his ways and would never have given up drinking, therefore never prospering and by no means becoming Mayor.The same applies at the end of the book, when his 21-year-long oath is finally up and he engages in what is obviously a drink-fuelled fight in the granary with Farfrae. Much as Henchard had appeared to loathe Farfrae, he had always had enough respect for him never to consider doing such a thing whilst sober. Although again I am by no means implying it was right for him to attempt to murder Farfrae, he was noble enough to recognise that his strength was far superior to Farfraes and handicapped himself so as to give Farfrae a fair chance of winning. Anyhow, at the end of the fight when he realised what he was doing, he regretted it yet again and could not finish him off:Your lif e is in my hands.Then take it, take it! Yeve wished to long enough!O Farfrae thats not true! God is my witness that no man ever loved another as I did thee at one time And now though I came here to kill ee, I cannot hurt thee!Even when drunk and in a position like that illustrated above, Henchards tender side shines through. Later that same evening, when Lucetta falls gravely ill, he chases after Farfrae to tell him of his wifes peril, though inevitably Farfrae does not believe him. Henchard follows him still, and here I sympathise with Henchard despite what he has just attempted to do.Henchards arrogance, self-pity, jealousy and vindictiveness are displayed at times when these feelings are natural human emotions of course he is going to feel jealousy towards a man who has taken everything from his girlfriend to his position in the town! He will naturally want to hurt the feelings of someone like that, but yet as Henchard patronisingly reads Farfrae his love letters from Lucetta, he cannot manage to read the signature out loud. He is just not able to torment Farfrae, however much he wants to his dignity prevents him from doing this.His haughtiness towards Lucetta is natural also he is only attempting to carry out a promise he made to marry her, so obviously he will be frustrated at her sudden and unexplained change of heart. After all, she had moved to Casterbridge with the intention of doing exactly as Henchard had proposed. As for his arrogance towards Abel Whittle, I would be inclined to describe this as discipline, rather; the boy is, after all, late for work every single day.And, of course, anyone would suffer low self-esteem had they been demoted from the high position or Mayor to a simple hay-trusser, especially when everyone but their stepdaughter has deserted them. Henchards devotion to Elizabeth-Jane is, incidentally, the only reason for his admittedly heartless lie to Newson about her being dead he just cannot bear to lose the only person stil l caring for him. However, again he feels bad about it and on Newsons return lets them alone, resolving to leave Casterbridge.As to Henchards rash, spur-of-the-moment decisions, I consider this his flaw every Tragic Hero has a defect and I fear that this is his. He does not think much about his decisions at all, and this he why he has so many regrets. For example if he had thought of the long-term effects of dismissing Farfrae, they may have continued to work together still and Farfrae would never have taken over. If he had not stopped the courtship of Farfrae and Elizabeth-Jane, Farfrae would never have considered marrying Henchards fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e. If Henchard had not lied to Newson about Elizabeth-Janes death, the latter would not have turned against him in the end.In conclusion, I find that, despite all the things Henchard has done wrongly, I feel a great deal of compassion and sympathy towards him. He is a good and honourable man who has lost everything, due to his impetuo usness; which I feel is not directly a fault of his own. It is, however, this defect that leads to his downfall, and, in my opinion, earns him the title Tragic Hero.

Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essays

Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essays Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essay Take Advantage Of Downtime To Get Your Online IT Degree Essay If you’re tired of working the daily grind and not getting the compensation you’re really worth, it’s time to fight back. Staying on your present path is not your only option. You can go back to school and earn your online IT degree or pursue any number of other programs to train yourself for a new career without having to give up your day job. Thanks to the Internet, a whole world of opportunities has opened up for people who want advanced education without having to attend on campus. Many programs, such as nonprofit management and even masters in education, are now available from reputable, accredited schools. This means students can learn while they continue to earn. They don’t even have to pick up and move to the location of a university to earn a degree through its programs. Whether you’re interested in an online business degree, the IT field or something entirely different, you can use your downtime to get on the path you’d prefer. Going to school online will not take away from your ability to learn either. Many schools that offer online MBA programs and other advanced degrees have gone above and beyond to ensure that their online students do receive the teaching they need to succeed down the road. When you go after an online IT degree, you can count on receiving the same high level of instruction you’d get in a classroom if you seek out a school that’s accredited. Some of the best online programs, in fact, come from highly established universities with a long history of producing leaders in a variety of fields. You do not have to accept the path you are on as the only option. There are choices available that can help you change course without having to give up your ability to work in the present. Online IT degree programs, business degree programs and other opportunities are just waiting for you to explore them.

Hoping and Hopping - Commonly Confused Words

Hoping and Hopping - Commonly Confused Words The words hoping and hopping are both present participles  (verb forms ending in -ing), but theyre pronounced differently and their meanings are not related at all. Definitions Hoping is the present-participle form of hope- to wish or feel that something good or desirable will happen, or to expect something with a degree of confidence.   Hopping is the present-participle form of hop- to make small jumps (sometimes on just one foot), to be very busy, or to be extremely upset (as in the expression hopping mad). Examples Jimmy left for school early the next morning, hoping to avoid Benny and his buddies.Kolya was hopping along like a chicken trying to catch a worm.I had no appetite for the sparrows  hopping from tree to tree above me, but there seemed no way to convince them of that. Each one, so great is his vanity, thinks himself eminently edible.(J.F. Powers, Death of a Favorite. The New Yorker, 1951)Bo shuffled along, quickly, almost  hopping,  hoping  to beat her to the door.(Thomas Glynn, Bo and Be. Statements 2: New Fiction. Fiction Collective, 1977)   Usage Notes and Idiom Alert When a verb ends in a final silent e, drop that e before adding the suffix -ing. The word is hope with a long o sound. The final silent e makes it long. It is not hop, which is pronounced with a short o and is what bunnies are supposed to do...Hop is a one-one-one word: a word of one syllable, ending in one consonant, preceded by one vowel. You double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel.   (Elizabeth Hagner, Spelling Demons Week by Week. Walch Publishing, 1997) Hoping Against Hope [To hope against hope means] to hope or wish for with little reason or justification, as in Im hoping against hope that someone will return my wallet.(Christine Ammer,  The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Practice (a) Mary saw Paul _____ along the pier.(b) She was _____ that he wouldnt trip.(c) The  restaurant was _____- Grant had told her about its growing popularity- but fortunately they had reservations.   (Jennifer Lane, Bad Behavior. Omnific Publishing, 2011) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Mary saw Paul  hopping  along the pier.(b) She was  hoping  that he wouldnt trip.(c) The  restaurant was  hopping- Grant had told her about its growing popularity- but fortunately they had reservations.   (Jennifer Lane,  Bad Behavior. Omnific Publishing, 2011)

Chilean History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilean History - Essay Example In terms of population, it has a huge population given its size, and it dominates in terms of agriculture. For Chile to have accomplished what it has accomplished to this far, there has been history that will not be forgotten soon. Chile was under military dictatorship that lasted for sixteen and a half years after the years which needed much reform. The years after 1973, (1973-1990), were characterized by military dictatorship that saw people lose their lives while some went missing. Today, Chile is one of the stable nations that are prosperous. In the 1960s and 1970s, Chile experienced social and economic problems that needed reform (Collier, Simon and William, 102). An economic depression was worsened by capital flight, which also led to the plummeting of private investments. Production fell, and the level of unemployment rose. Chile’s import strategy was faced with an overvaluation of the domestic currency. The prices of agricultural products began decreasing to the point that the government had to intervene in order for there to be regulation. Chile was also faced with an earthquake in 1960 plummeted the economic and social welfare of the people deeper. Public infrastructure was affected the monetary loss was more than anticipated. In addition, present was the social injustice from those who were supposed to be leading. New social groups emerged who pushed for certain reforms. These new social groups differed with leaders about certain conditions, which included the living conditions of people. The major social problems were the issue with the Roman Catholic Church whose political, social and economic affairs were looked at (Collier, Si mon and William, 122).... The Popular Unity government made efforts to reform the economy. It started with initiation of economic transformations which included a program that involved nationalization (nationalization program had legislations, requisitions and involvement of stakeholders), increase in real wages, reduction of inflation, urging of economic growth, increase of product consumption and this was mostly for those who were poor. Another initiative the government took was the reduction of economic independence on the rest of the world. This would lead to a significant increase in the economic value of Chile. Most of these reforms were to be accomplished by boosting the aggregate demand and strict price controls (Collier, Simon and William, 155). The government took over the copper mines and other foreign firms, banks and large estates. In 1971, by a unanimous vote of the Congress, the government rationalized the foreign copper firms. Also in the same period, the government removed the emergency legis lation from so as to allow it to take over and control industries without the approval of the congress (Collier, Simon and William, 202). Keynesian measures were applied in order to increase salaries and wages, thus increasing the purchasing power of working and middle classes. Though economically the party was on the path to success, politically, the party leader, Allende faced problems holding his party together. The party also faced different views by the opposing political parties, but still managed to make and maintain ties with other nations (Allende, 154). The Pinochet regime sought to repress women and had neoliberal economic and social policies that had a negative effect on the poor. The Chilean military overthrew the Popular Unity government in a violent coup. During the

Religious Beliefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religious Beliefs - Essay Example This essay will explore the important lessons drawn from the teachings of these different religions as narrated through writings. Overview Several lessons can be drawn from the practices and religious beliefs of different religions in the world. Some of these religions include Shamanism, Pagan or Upanishads have unique lessons that can be drawn from these religions. One of the common lessons that can be drawn from the different religions is the use of myths to explain or pass on different beliefs. For instance, the Greek and Mesopotamian cultures explain the origin of human life through use of different myths. We witness the myth of the Epic of Gilgamesh, whereby the creation of human life is better explained through the use of the myth. The use of myths is common in several religions since it is used to explain the inexplicable. The Mesopotamian culture has a belief that the creation of human beings was done to free the lesser gods from their oppressive labors. Among the Greek cultu re, we witness the Homeric Hymns which were used in explaining different occurrences between different people. For instance, circumstances such as sibling rivalry is best explained by in the Homeric Hymns through the story of Apollo and Hermes who were brothers competing against each other. The creation and control of the earth is a great learning point that could be used in drawing lessons about mysteries of life. The Kena Upanishad among the Hindus is used in explaining the order of the world. Moreover, it brings out the story on creation among the Hindu society (Parmananda 89). Taoism is another religion that makes use of myths to explain the creation of the world. Tao Te Ching makes use of symbolism in the different myths to reflect the power of the Tao, he elucidates that the origin of all things and how unimaginable is the Tao. This is used in explaining that the origin of all things in the world emanates from a Supreme Being like the Tao. Consequently, in the Upanishads, the origin and the creation of the earth is explained trough use of different myths. Death is explained to Nachiketa by the Seer and this knowledge gets the reader to know more concerning the religion trough the use of myths. The existence of a Supreme Being and the connection between this Supreme Being and human beings is another lesson we learn. From the different religions, we get to know that human beings have always interacted with gods in different circumstances. For instance, the Homeric Hymns elucidates on the relationship that existed between gods such as Zeus and Human beings. Moreover, gods like Demeter lived among human beings and visited many people during her stay on earth. In Taoism, we notice that the relation of God (Tao) and human beings is emphasized through the work of the Tao. When we lean on Tao and its teachings, we get to know that God and people work together to achieve different purposes in life. Taoism teaches obedience since all understanding and power comes from Tao (Tzu 74). The relation between God and human beings is better emphasized in the Kena Upanishad whereby we get to know that we cannot understand ourselves if we do not understand God. The knowledge of the Brahman is important in fostering good relation between God and people. Among the Mesopotamian culture, religion was used in fostering good

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas

Deregulation Of Downstream Oil And Gas It is largely assumed by Nigerians that the government involvement in the management and ownership structure of the refineries and logistics infrastructures is the cause of the numerous problems associated with the downstream oil and gas industry. Thus, the government economic reforms by way of deregulation policy was established in 2003 to revive the ailing industry. This dissertation seeks to examine the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria, a strategic management perspective of the effects, challenges and prospects. The objective of this study is to have both theoretical and practical knowledge contribution on deregulation. This study theoretical framework is embedded in three literatures: deregulation, strategic management and competitive forces. These three perspective are used in order to assess the emerging effects, challenges and prospects that the industry has on the changing strategic landscape of the deregulation exercise. The literature for this perspective, competitive forces and innovation management were reviewed: The reason for this perspective is that the competitive forces provides the understanding of the industry structure and the interactions between competitors, while innovative management is to understand the industry processes and capabilities. By summarizing and integrating these viewpoints formed a hypothesized understanding that reflected the effects, challenges and prospects of deregulation. In order to obtain an empirical analysis of the study a social constructed research methodology that is based on quantitative and qualitative method were argued for. A non-probability sample approach with a dichotomous questionnaire of (YES/NO) was self-administered in three states Abuja, Lagos and Port Harcourt to represent the three geographical areas in Nigeria, the target population of fifty persons from each state was chosen using purposive sampling method. Furthermore, an open-ended questionnaire were self-administered on two managers from Forth Oil, One Manager from Oando Plc and One Manger from Total Plc. The managers views were sort in order have industry professionals opinion on the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry. The data collected were analysed with the use of SPSS to determine the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream industry. A Porters five model was also utilised to analyse the competitiveness in the industry. The result of the analysis shows how firms within the downstream oil and gas industry have changed and responded towards deregulation. It further shows how the previous regulated regime of the downstream oil and gas industry has been transformed to become more competitive and market driven. The analysed result shows a slim margin between the (yes/no) responses on the effects and challenges of deregulation, while there was a significant margin on the response in favour of the prospects and opportunities of downstream oil and gas deregulation. Overall, the result shows that many Nigerians are in support that deregulation will deliver positive effects, reduce the challenges in in the industry and also create better prospects and opportunities. The study findings indicates that the downstream oil and gas industry is not fully deregulated to enable market forces of demand and supply to determine product price, rather government have been fixing petroleum product prices. Most of the industry challenges are still persistent, like fuel scarcity, corruption, smuggling, and ineffective refinery. Thus, the expected benefit as promised by the government is yet to be achieved. However, based on the overall response of the respondent, this study can infer that many Nigerians support the government deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry. CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The advent of deregulation reform dates back to 1973 after the first oil shock experience, which led to a decline in the economic growth of most developed economies Nordhaus, Houthakker and Sachs (1980); Sachs (1982) and labour productivity growth Baily, Gordon, Solow (1981). Further to the mid-1970s productivity decline, a wide range of policy responses, including economic deregulation were introduced. The inception of deregulation reform was initiated in the US Winston (1998); Morgan (2004), while the UK and other developed economies followed in the early 1980s Pera, (1988); Healey (1990); Matthews, Minford, Nickell and Helpman (1987). The reform was also copied by the new democracies and many developing countries in the 1990s leading to wide range of labour, capital and product market reforms. This was the scenario that prevailed throughout the early 21st century Wolfl, Wanner, Kozluk and Nicoletti (2009) until the global economic and financial crisis determined the credibility o f relaxing economic growth. Like many other developing countries that copied the market reform, Nigeria being a growing economy with an increase in demand for commodities such as petroleum products Nwokeji (2007) meeting the supply needs remains a big challenge due to frequent breakdown of the refineries and over-reliance on importation. Although prior to 1960s the downstream oil and gas sector was initially market driven with the mechanism of demand and supply determining product price Funsho (2004). The distribution and marketing of petroleum product was virtually controlled by the multinational oil and gas companies Jean (2012). This was the situation before the government decided to harmonise petroleum products by way of uniform pricing in 1973 to encourage even distribution of products nationwide Christopher and Adepoju (2012). In furtherance to the uniform price policy and also tackle the cost differential problem associated with the delivery of products to every part of the country, the government establ ished the Petroleum Equalization Fund (PEF) Oluwole (2004). The participation of government in the management and ownership structure of the downstream sector culminated to a regulated regime Olumide (2011). The consequence of the policy shift by the government on the economy was characterized by acute product scarcity, hoarding, smuggling, adulteration; long queues, inappropriate pricing, under funding and monopolistic practices. This were the main features of the supply and distribution process of the downstream oil and gas industry Funsho (2004). The unhealthy development degenerated to poor performance of the nation refineries, which resulted in excessive dependence on imports Christopher and Adepoju (2012). Thus, the economic reforms of the government became imperative towards reviving the ailing downstream sector by way of deregulation Okafor(2004). The deregulation of the sector as implemented in 2003 implies removal of restrictions on the establishment of refineries, jetties and depots. It also involves granting free access to private sector participation in the importation of petroleum products and also allowing the demand and supply mechanism to determine price including also the government total removal of control on product prices Oluwole (2004). Furthermore, the objective is meant to achieve regular supply of petroleum products at reasonable price, maintaining self-sufficiency in refining, employment generation for Nigerians, growth in foreign investment and general economic growth. Onyishi, Emeh, and Ikechukwu (2012). Other major benefits are as indicated in figure 1 below: Figure : BENEFITS OF DEREGULATION OF DOWNSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR Removal of subsidy burden Government refocus to segment regulator Competition on and a level play field to attract new entrant DEREGULATION Increased efficiency by service providers Eliminate sharp practices that exploit subsidy regime From the foregoing many years have passed after deregulation, yet the aforementioned problems still persist, refineries continue to operate below installed capacity Oladele (1997). Efficient transport system for product distribution is lacking while pipeline are still vandalized. The expected government responses by private sector investment in establishing new refineries after many years of issuance of licence is yet to be realized. This scenario is in contrast to the objective of deregulation as commenced in the USA in the 1970s which was to create competition, enhance industry efficiency and guarantee competitive prices DME (2007) ; Hicks (2004). Improving efficiency in the industry implies product availability, proper functioning of the distribution networks, availability of storage facilities and depots to avoid scarcity of products and to ensure regular supply of products to force down price. However with the lack of these facilities the intending benefit from deregulation of the downstream oil and gas sector by the Nigerian populace becomes defeated. The question now is why should government proceed with deregulation policy? Thus, this dissertation seeks to examine a strategic management perspective of the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. The theoretical framework of this study dwells on three literature reviews: deregulation, strategic management and competitive forces. This three perspectives are utilized to assess the emerging effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation exercise in the oil and gas industry. The study analyses the literatu re for this perspectives, competitive forces and innovation management in the context of deregulation. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to appraise the deregulation exercise that was carried out in the Nigerian downstream oil and gas industry. The specific aim of this study are as follows: To examine the implementation of deregulation policy in the downstream oil and gas industry in order to determine the effects, challenges and prospects. This study is also aimed to explore if deregulation has actually yielded the desired result in terms of the forces of demand and supply determining prices of product. This study further uses the Porters five model to establish if effective strategic management (innovative management and competitive forces) can achieve a sustained competitive advantage among industry competitors in the deregulated regime. 1.2 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY This study is relevant in many ways; apart from the downstream sector importance in Nigeria economic stability other relevance includes the following: As already stated, this study would use a Porters five competitive forces to analyse the attractiveness of the industry. This will inform us of the impact of deregulation on new entrants, competitive rivalry, buyers bargaining powers, suppliers power, products prices, product supply and distribution. The study would conduct a survey to know the feelings of Nigerians on the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of the downstream industry. The study would also contribute to existing literature on deregulation thereby providing insight of current developments in the downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study would also serve as an important tool for students, academia, institutions and individuals to consult for knowledge on deregulation of the downstream sector of the Nigerian oil and gas industry. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In finding out the effects, challenges and prospects of the deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry in Nigeria, this study answers three questions: How can government improve the implementation of the deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry to achieve the actual policy objective? In what way can government encourage the private sector to fully participate in the downstream oil and gas deregulation exercise? What informed the government deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry and if it is the only solution in an economic environment such as Nigeria? 1.4 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY This study contains six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction and background of the study, the purpose of the research, significance of the study, the objectives of the study, the research questions, this would guide the study. Chapter two would present the literature review on the subject matter. Chapter three gives the theoretical framework of the study. The methodology to be adopted in the study would be stated in chapter four. Chapter five focuses on the presentation of data, analysis of collected data, findings and discussion of results. The last chapter which is chapter six, would present the conclusion and appropriate recommendations. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Many existing literature have argued on different perspectives and motives for the government deregulation of the oil and gas sector in Nigeria yielding different opinions from two school of thought. The opposing and the supporting group respectively. Those supporting deregulation argue that deregulation of the downstream oil and gas industry would actualize government move to eradicate fuel scarcity and ensure constant fuel supply across the country Funsho (2004). Similarly, deregulation of the industry would create inflow of foreign investment while persistent smuggling of petroleum products and inefficiencies in the sector will be eliminated Oluwole (2004). They also posit that Nigeria has the lowest price of petroleum products in the world and with deregulation the international market equilibrium would allow government to channel funds to other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, they argued that it would break the monopoly enjoyed by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Okafor (2004). Essentially, deregulation would lead to uninterrupted operation of the refineries, it would also guarantee steady supply by enabling stakeholders and independent marketers to participate in product importation and marketing Enemoh (2004). Their view is also that the regulated regime by way of subsidy is a way of government enriching few Nigerian petroleum products marketers Oluwole (2004). Findings from Abu (2012) indicates that Nigerians believes deregulation and privatization will usher in sustainable development and would be a blessing rather than a course. Odey (2011) recommends the complete deregulation of the downstream sector to reduce corruption, inaccurate record keeping, inefficiency, smuggling and insufficient product supply. Jean (2012) suggested that making deregulation work involves providing an enabling environment and framework for efficient production, supply and distribution. Braide (2003) recommends that the usual business as usual in the NNPC by way of product imp ortation and distribution is inexpedient because it represents a wrong step for government to continue with instead government should fully deregulate the downstream oil and gas sector. From the opposing group came the argument that the Nigeria petroleum industry must not be deregulated completely, instead government should maintain the status quo and restructure the sector to improve efficiency for the overall national interest. They opined that the root cause and clamour for deregulation is because of the massive corruption in the sector and therefore should be tackled rather than embarking on deregulation. They further argued that deregulation helps increase profit margin for the importers, interestingly this is the position of the labour union and the organized civil society. Furthermore, Amana and Amana (2011) asserts that the fair distribution of economic benefits derived from petroleum has proven elusive and therefore predicts same for deregulation. Ibanga (2011) argued that removal of subsidy may cause dislocation to the gas price because of high demand and inadequate supply. Bafor (2001) doubted government sustaining the gain of deregulation due to the undu e interference in NNPC affair resulting to near collapse and dismal performance which encouraged the clamour for the privatisation and deregulation. According to Kikeri and Nellis (2004) they argued that deregulation processes and institutions must be combined with appropriate competition policies and regulatory frameworks without which the gains of deregulation can be eroded by harsh impact on consumers and the overall economy affected due to inadequate product supply. Matthew and Fidelis (2003) opined that the merit of deregulation can only be enjoyed by Nigerians if only they could be genuine attention to eliminating corruption in the sector. Adagba, Ugwu and Eme (2012) posits that government is merely taxing the poor to subsidise the life of the rich. Similarly, Akpanuko and Ayandele (2012) argues that government is not transparent in its drive to transform the economy and suggested reduction in the cost of governance, rehabilitating the refineries as a measure to drive the economy. In global perspective, the theoretical argument behind the large scale deregulation reforms initiated in the late 1970s is two-fold. On one hand, deregulation reduces the rents that regulation creates for workers, incumbent producers, and service providers. This view has gained a widespread popularity among academics and policy makers ever since the works by Stigler (1971); Posner (1975) and Peltzman (1976) contributed to the understanding of the political economy of regulation. On the other hand, deregulation allows the newly created competition on product, labour and capital markets to determine the winner of rent transfers. Thus, by spurring productivity and efficiency gains Winston, (1993), economic deregulation ultimately contributes to the overall increase in economic growth. The additional growth is brought primarily through increased employment and real wages Blanchard Giavazzi (2003), which impacts both production and consumption and through increased investment Alesina, Ardagna, Nicoletti, Schiantarelli (2005), this affects the capital stock in the economy. However, a need for caution is required on the recent take on the efficiency gains from deregulation in the developing world. The key argument in this new area of literature is that deregulation reforms influence diverse economies differently, depending on their position on the technology level and on their quality of institutions. For example, Acemoglu, Aghion and Zilibotti (2006) claim that certain restrictions on competition may benefit the technologically backward countries, while Estache and Wren-Lewis (2009) finds that ideal regulatory policies in developed and in developing countries are different because of differences in the overall institutional quality in those countries. In addition, Aghion, Alesina and Trebbi (2007) use industry level data to demonstrate that within each economy, institutional reforms influence different industries differently, and more specifically, industries closer to the technology frontier would be affected more by deregulation and would innovate more than the backward industries in order to prevent entry. As a result, countries closer to the technology frontier would benefit more from deregulation. The alleged benefits of economic deregulation in many industries prompted a debate on the growth effects from specific types of reforms on petroleum product downstream deregulation. 2.1 THEORIES OF DEREGULATION Deregulation can be looked from the angle of different theories, we have the public interest theory which presume that deregulation would occur if the market deficiency which compelled regulation in the first place were to disappear. An illustration is a change in technology which could eliminate a natural monopoly. The public interest theory also predicts that deregulation would occur if discovered that a regulatory regime which had been perceived to be in the public interest was defective. It may turn out that, in the light of experience, the cost of the regulatory apparatus is or has become greater than the loss resulting from the market imperfection it was designed to correct Posner (1974). Thus, it may become obvious only with experience that entry restrictions is a relatively costly way to enforce standards. From Stigler Peltzman came the version of the special interest theory which suggests that a number of factors which may give rise to deregulation. First, a reduction in the cost consumers must incur in order to inform themselves regarding the effect of regulation on them. For example, price comparisons between regulated and non-regulated controls can assist consumers in estimating the effect of regulation on the prices they pay. Secondly, as product substitutes increases between regulated and non-regulated products, this would reduce profits and hence the urge to lobby for regulation induced price increases. Substitution may also occur between regulated and unregulated industries or between regulated and unregulated controls. Thirdly, a change in industry structure can reduce either the incentive or the ability to lobby for regulation. Also, an increase in the number of firms in an industry or a merging of their respective interests may increase the incentive to free ride and make it more costly to organize support for politicians promising regulatory benefits Stigler (1974). Noll and Owen (1983) argue that, over time, the beneficiaries of regulation will grow while groups that lose will contract. In view of the interest group structure, alternative for substitutes and information, McCormick et al. (1984) offer two reasons why the incentive to regulate is greater than the incentive to deregulate. The first is that the cost of seeking regulation may be as much as the present value of the anticipated wealth transfer involved, and if this cost is sunk it is not recoverable in the event of deregulation. The question is does Nigeria have a theory of deregulation? although the public and special interest theories of deregulation had slightly been criticized for the vagueness regarding transactions in policy frameworks and political markets. In the case of Nigeria the evidence on deregulation supports both the public and special interest theories. The two of them are in the same range, deregulation is used by government to effect wealth transfers through privatization. These transfers may benefit the highly concentrated special interest groups, such as petroleum product marketers and politicians. They may also benefit larger groups, like the deregulation of telecom industry. For the public interest group, government most times come up with reforms and policy frame work aimed at benefiting the masses, but often hijacked by the cabals who may want to exploit government programme to their own benefit. An example is the issue of oil subsidy which the original government intention was for p ublic interest, but was later hijacked by special interest groups or cabals. 2.2 COUNTRY EXPERIENCES ON DEREGULATION 2.2.1 ARGENTINA The Menem administration introduced deregulation in Argentina. The country underwent heavy economic deregulation, privatization and had a fixed exchange rate between (1989-1999). The resulting effects of Argentina deregulation exercise lead to the comparing of Enron with Argentina by Krugman (2001), asserting that they were both experiencing economic collapse due to excessive deregulation. However the claim by Krugman was termed as confusing correlation with causation, as neither the collapse was due to excessive deregulation Herbert (2002). He argued that if deregulation of the Argentine economy produced prosperity for years, how could it generate collapse within a few months? The answer is not deregulation but excessive loans. 2.2.2 AUSTRALIA Deregulation in Australia commenced with the Minimum Effective Regulation in 1986 following the announcement by the Labour Prime Minister Bob Hawke of a wide range of deregulatory policies. The introduction of the policy, which is now a familiar requirements for regulatory impact statements, took many years for governmental agencies to comply with. Although wider competition policy reforms had commenced, during the 1980s trade policy reform which substantially increased competition in the domestic economy Smith (2001). In this regard the level of assistance to manufacturing sector was reduced from 25 percent to 15 percent of the value of manufacturing output between 1981-82 and 1991-92. They was reductions in import barriers, which off course exposed many industries to the rigours of international competition, providing increased incentives to improve product quality, costs and innovation. 2.2.3 CANADA The deregulation of natural gas in Canada took place in the mid 1980s, with exception of Atlantic provinces, Vancouver Island and Medicine Hat, the whole of the country natural gas was deregulated. A price comparison service is operating in some of these jurisdictions, particularly Ontario, Alberta and BC. The other provinces are small markets and have not attracted suppliers. Customers have the choice of purchasing from a local distribution company (LDC) or a deregulated supplier. In most provinces the LDC is not allowed to offer a term contract, just a variable price based on the spot market. LDC prices are changed either monthly or quarterly. 2.2.4 UNITED KINGDOM The conservative government of Margaret Thatcher started a program of deregulation and privatization in 1979, where the conservative government criticised many public enterprises, including CEGB, for being too inflexible, bureaucratic and out of political control. As a remedy the government suggested deregulation and privatisation Foster (1993) ; Newbery and Green (1996). In response, the policy framework was enacted which included the express coach Transport Act 1980, British Telecom 1984, privatization of London Bus services 1984, local bus services Transport Acts 1985 and the railways 1993. The common feature of all the privatisations was the offering of the shares to the general public. In support of the policy since 1997 the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown developed a programme of better deregulation. This included a general programme for government departments to review, simplify or abolish their existing regulations, and introduced approach to new regulations . 2.2.5 NEW ZEALAND The New Zealand governments adopted policies of extensive deregulation from 1984 to 1995. Originally initiated by the Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand Dalziel (2010). The goal of the policy was liberalising the economy and had a comprehensive coverage and innovations. The major specific polices included: establishing an independent reserve bank; floating the exchange rate; public sector finance reform based on accrual accounting; performance contracts for senior civil servants; tax neutrality; subsidy-free agriculture; and industry neutral competition regulation. The introduction led to Economic growth in 1991. New Zealand was changed from a somewhat closed and centrally controlled economy to one of the most open economies in the OECD Evans, Grimes, Wilkinson (1996). 2.2.6 UNITED STATES Many industries in the United States became regulated by the federal government in the late 19th and early 20th century. Entry to some markets was restricted to stimulate and protect the initial investment of private companies into infrastructure to provide public services, such as water, electric and communications utilities. However in the 1970s among the problems that encouraged deregulation was the way in which the regulated industries often controlled the government regulatory agencies, using them to serve the industries interests. In the energy industry the Emergency Petroleum Act was a regulating law, consisting of a mix of regulations and deregulation, which passed in response to OPEC price hikes and domestic price controls which effected the 1973 oil crisis in the United States. After adoption of this federal legislation, numerous state legislation known as Natural Gas Choice programs have sprung up in several states which allow residential and small volume natural gas users to comparison purchase from natural gas suppliers, aside with traditional utility companies. 2.3 CONCEPT OF DEREGULATION Deregulation refers to a situation whereby they is a restrictive use of the states legal power to direct the conduct of private actors Stigler (1971). Deregulation programme is focused primarily on the withdrawal of economic interest of government apparatus. It is also the reduction of government regulation of business, consumers and market activity Economic glossary (2013). Similarly deregulation according to Webster dictionary is the act or process of removing state deregulations, it is the opposite of regulation which implies the process of government regulating certain activities. In the perspective of Kimberly (2013) deregulation is when the government seeks to allow more competition in an industry that allows near-monopolies. From the view of Ernest and Young (1988) deregulation and privatization are elements of economic reform programmes charge with the goal of improving the overall economy in a structured process. Essentially in an economic perspective deregulation implies freedom from government control Innocent and Charles (2011), while Akinwumi et al (2005) asserts that deregulation is the removal of government interference in running a system. By implication, the normal regulatory rules and enforcement in managing the operation of a system is replaced with market force of demand and supply to be a determinant of price Ajayi and Ekundayo (2008). In the opinion of Wolak (2005) he sees deregulation as the removal of control by government on natural monopolies in order to exercise market power. Where for example in US regulation generally held natural monopolies to a specified rate of return basis for pricing products Rothwell and Gomez (2003). Deregulation introduced free market principles and competition into these natural monopolies Hirsch (1999); Kahn (2004); Novarro and Shames (2003); Rassenti, Smith and Wilson (2002) and created the frame breaking changes. The deregulation of downstream oil and gas industry is the loosening of government control over the industry. It is a way of breaking the monopoly in NNPC in order to pave way for healthy competition. This implies the introduction of free market system, where the forces of demand and supply are allowed to determine the market price of products PPPRA (2004). This formula is in contrast to the regulated regime, where government acting on existing laws controls and determine retail and wholesale prices of petroleum products. A regulated regime is characterised by low level of competition and investment leading to distortions in product supply and distribution, scarcity resulting to long queues, hording, smuggling and other bottlenecks such as monopolistic practices, existence of subsidy and poor maintenance of infrastructural facilities Funsho (2004). The structural framework of deregulation involves the following phases: (1) Liberalisation (2) Privatization and commercialization. 2.3.1 LIBERALIZATION Liberalization refers to a relaxation of the government previous restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy, in most context the process or concept is often, but not always referred to as deregulation Sullivan, Arthur, Sheffrin and Steven (2002). It is also the involvement of many participants in the downstream petroleum industry PPPRA (2004). Liberalization involves removing monopoly, promoting high competitive culture in the industry, product availability, ensuring fair pricing for consumer, reviving and ensuring the efficiency of the refineries Oluwole (2004). Liberalization also ensures the removal of oil subsidy, which robs the poor to pay the rich PPPRA (2004). Liberalization is aimed to generate add

Best Practices and Strategies Essay

Ex: functional, conglomerate, and divisional. For this list of practices we will use the divisional design. a. Divisional Design aka M form (the M stands for multidivisional): Is made up of separate, semi autonomous units or divisions and each division has its own goals to accomplish. 6) Culture: Refers to the set of values that helps its members understand what the organization stands for how it wants to accomplish what it wants to accomplish, and what it considers important. 7) Human Resource Strategy Implementation: Requires an understanding of undamental individual and interpersonal behavioral process. b. Individual Process: Psychological Contracts; Personality; Motivation; and Stress. c. Organizational system and Process: Understanding of the causes of stress, the process by which stress affects individuals can cope better with stress in organizational settings. d. Interpersonal Group Process: Group Behavior; Leadership; and Communication. Select one (1) the corporate strategies discussed in Chapter 4 and formulate a human resource strategy that will support the corporate strategy. Cost leadership strategy is one that focuses on minimizing the cost as much as possible. This strategy allows the firm to charge the lowest possible prices for its products, thereby presumably generating an overall level of revenue. A human resource strategy that will support this corporate strategy would be: a. Efficiency Ratio: keeping expenses low with earnings being high. b. Learning Curve: maintaining training and continues training of employee’s. c. Good Purchasing approach: acquiring goods or services to accomplish the goals of the firm. . Maintaining latest technology: helps maintain inventory control, which in return helps ensure products to customers. e. Strategic marketing mix to help ensure market leadership f. Superior customer service: series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction. Competitive or above average pay, employee advancement, and employee incentivizes. g. Product leadership: concept which describes delivering state of the art products in the market. Discuss the Fruit Guys business strategy. Identify three (3) other businesses that could use the five (5) questions the Fruit Guys used to determine effectiveness and identify three (3) businesses in which the business strategy would not work well. Provide a rationale for your answer. The business strategy that the Fruit Guys uses is the defender strategy. Defender strategy: works best when a business operates in an environment with relatively little uncertainty and risk and high degree of stability. The goal of the defender is to identify for itself a relatively narrow niche in the market and then to direct a limited set of products or services at he niche. After reviewing the website of the Fruit Guys, their niche is to provide fresh â€Å"healthy brain food† as the fruit guys refer to it as such to the premises of the workplace. As healthy foods to the office â€Å"can boost productivity, improve wellness and help companies improve their bottom line†. The Fruit Guys fills thousands of business of businesses in America with seasonal fresh fruit varying from small family businesses, to major Fortune 500 companies. With their customers sharing their idea on health, and the environment, this helps bring stability to the company, while their employees bring in pride, giving high productivity levels. The five questions that the Fruit Guys have based their strategy on is: I. Have we been respectful to the people we work with employees, coworkers, and customers? II. Have we been responsible to their needs? III. Have we been realistic with them about what we can or cannot do? IV. Can we take personal responsibility for the situation? V. Are we going to be remembered positively? Three companies that could use the five questions to work for their businesses are: a) Car Dealerships (especially Used Car dealerships) b) Construction Companies c) Cleaning Company Three Companies that would not benefit from the use of the five questions are: a) Jc Penny’s b) Walmart c) BJ’S Wholesale Club (ex: Costco) My reasoning behind my choices for the use of the five questions are these companies are more hand’s on with their companies, and actually rely on word of mouth business and repeat business. Without these referrals and repeat business these companies would have to rely a lot on marketing and advertising strategies. My reasoning behind my choices for these businesses that would not benefit from the five questions is because these companies are very well expanded. With many stores in many different locations of one state and through-out many states these companies do not rely on word of mouth or repeat business. As their marketing strategies, advertising strategies, and sales are what continuously brings in repeat customer, and new customers.

What Has The Industrial Revolution Improved For Modern...

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The changes in technology and advancements in crop rotation made it possible to feed large populations of people. The agricultural changes provided enough food to sustain a suffici ent workforce, which additionally allowed expansion of industry and resulted in economic expansion (Montagna, The Industrial Revolution). The Textile Industry Hand in hand with agriculture, the textile industry grew exponentially during this period. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the creation of fabric occurred independently in homes. The entire process was long and involved because theShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolution Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pageschosen to discuss related to the last 400 years in Western Civilization is the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The Industrial Revolution was what created the modern capitalist system. Britain was the first to lead the way in this huge transformation. Technology changed, businesses, manufactured goods, and wage laborers skyrocketed. 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The Distinction Between Crime and Deviance Essay - 1274 Words

Crime statistics exist entirely to measure levels of crime inside society; so, the purpose of this essay is to illustrate whether or not the statistical data on crime and deviance provides a true measurement of criminal occurrences in British society. The distinction between crime and deviance is going to be explored and a clear understanding of how they differentiate from each other will be gained. The terms Formal and Informal social control will be identified and their differences determined. In particular, official crime statistics will be analysed to gain an understanding of how accurate such data is in portraying the true figures of crime. Furthermore, key terms such as dark figure, reported crime and recorded crime will be†¦show more content†¦Hagan uses the term Consensus Crimes, as there is an overall consensus in society that these crimes are the most heinous. Hagan entitles the second category as Conflict Crime; these include crimes such as prostitution, drug abuse, or illegal abortions. Hagan believes that crimes in this category are treated less seriously by society, but are still crimes nonetheless (Sociology, 2014). Deviance is behaviour that violates the norms of society, such behaviour is highly condemned in society; those who act in such a manner are often referred to as deviants. However, Britain is such a culturally diverse country the concept of deviance can be somewhat complicated; what may be classed as deviant behaviour in one group may well be completely acceptable behaviour in another (Cliffnotes, 2013). Hagan also divides Deviance into two categories; Social Deviations are behaviours that affect how they are judged by others, betrayal or playing pranks for example may cause some form of disdain, but is not harmful to society. 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